# 48. Rotate Image
You are given an n x n 2D matrix representing an image.
Rotate the image by 90 degrees (clockwise).
Note:
You have to rotate the image in-place, which means you have to modify the input 2D matrix directly. DO NOT allocate another 2D matrix and do the rotation.
Example 1:
Given input matrix =
[
[1,2,3],
[4,5,6],
[7,8,9]
],
rotate the input matrix in-place such that it becomes:
[
[7,4,1],
[8,5,2],
[9,6,3]
]
Example 2:
Given input matrix =
[
[ 5, 1, 9,11],
[ 2, 4, 8,10],
[13, 3, 6, 7],
[15,14,12,16]
],
rotate the input matrix in-place such that it becomes:
[
[15,13, 2, 5],
[14, 3, 4, 1],
[12, 6, 8, 9],
[16, 7,10,11]
]
# Solution
Approach 1: For each range (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 7, 4), rotate each circle (e.g., 1, 3, 9, 7).
Approach 2: Transpose the matrix and then reverse columns.
# Code (Python)
Approach 1:
Approach 2:
# Code (C++)
Approach 1:
// e.g., 1 2 3
// 4 5 6
// 7 8 9
// For each range (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 7, 4), rotate each circle (e.g., 1, 3, 9, 7).
class Solution {
private:
vector<pair<int,int>> steps = {{0,1}, {1,0}, {0,-1}, {-1,0}};
public:
void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
int n = matrix.size();
for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; ++i)
{
int len = n - 2 * i;
for (int j = i; j < i + len - 1; ++j)
{
int row = i;
int col = j;
/*
int stepIdx = 0;
int tmp = matrix[row][col];
do
{
for (int k = 0; k < len - 1; ++k)
{
int nextRow = row + steps[stepIdx].first;
int nextCol = col + steps[stepIdx].second;
if (nextRow < i || nextRow >= i + len || nextCol < i || nextCol >= i + len)
stepIdx = (stepIdx + 1) % steps.size();
row += steps[stepIdx].first;
col += steps[stepIdx].second;
}
std::swap(tmp, matrix[row][col]);
} while (row != i || col != j);
*/
int tmp[4];
for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k)
{
tmp[k] = matrix[row][col];
int tmpRow = row;
row = col;
col = n - tmpRow - 1;
}
for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k)
{
matrix[row][col] = tmp[(k + 3) % 4];
int tmpRow = row;
row = col;
col = n - tmpRow - 1;
}
}
}
}
};
Approach 2:
// e.g., 1 2 3 1 4 7 7 4 1
// 4 5 6 => 2 5 8 => 8 5 2
// 7 8 9 3 6 9 9 6 3
class Solution {
public:
void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
int n = matrix.size();
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j)
{
std::swap(matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i]);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < n / 2; ++j)
{
std::swap(matrix[i][j], matrix[i][n-j-1]);
}
}
}
};